{"id":23409,"date":"2022-06-30T16:28:59","date_gmt":"2022-06-30T20:28:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/genomecanada.ca\/?p=23409"},"modified":"2022-06-30T16:27:45","modified_gmt":"2022-06-30T20:27:45","slug":"decouvrez-comment-ladne-permet-une-surveillance-non-intrusive-et-efficace-de-la-faune","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/genomecanada.ca\/fr\/decouvrez-comment-ladne-permet-une-surveillance-non-intrusive-et-efficace-de-la-faune\/","title":{"rendered":"D\u00e9couvrez comment l\u2019ADNe permet une surveillance non intrusive et efficace de la faune"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Par la Dre Catalina Lopez-Correa, dirigeante scientifique en chef de G\u00e9nome Canada<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"Daniel\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Daniel Heath, Ph. D., expert en g\u00e9nomique et en conservation des poissons et professeur \u00e0 la University of Windsor, Ontario<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Parlons sciences<\/em><\/a>\u00a0et la <\/em>Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 royale du Canada<\/em><\/a> se sont associ\u00e9s pour offrir aux lecteurs du <\/em>Globe and Mail des articles pertinents sur des enjeux qui nous concernent tous\u00a0: depuis l\u2019\u00e9ducation jusqu\u2019\u00e0 l\u2019influence des d\u00e9couvertes scientifiques de pointe. Le pr\u00e9sent article a d\u2019abord \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9 en anglais sur cette <\/em>plateforme d\u2019information du <\/em>Globe and Mail<\/a>. <\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Qui \u00e9tait l\u00e0 avant nous? Les scientifiques utilisent de plus en plus l\u2019ADN environnemental (ADNe) pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 cette question. \u00a0<\/p>

Les animaux \u2014 nous y compris \u2014 perdent constamment d\u2019infimes morceaux d\u2019eux-m\u00eames sous forme de cellules de peau morte, de mucus ou d\u2019excr\u00e9ments qui tous contiennent de l\u2019ADN. Cet ADNe peut \u00eatre extrait de l\u2019air, du sol, de l\u2019eau, m\u00eame des surfaces de nos maisons.<\/p>

La filtration de l\u2019eau d\u2019un lac, par exemple, et l\u2019analyse des boues r\u00e9siduelles permettent de savoir quelles esp\u00e8ces de poisson y vivent en comparant l\u2019ADN \u00e0 une base de donn\u00e9es des esp\u00e8ces existantes. On peut aussi avoir une id\u00e9e approximative de leur nombre, et d\u00e9terminer si les populations d\u00e9clinent ou augmentent. On peut m\u00eame savoir si les poissons sont en bonne sant\u00e9 et s\u2019ils vivent du stress en examinant si leur syst\u00e8me immunitaire et les g\u00e8nes li\u00e9s au stress sont actifs. \u00a0<\/p>

Comparativement aux formes traditionnelles de surveillance de la faune, cette fa\u00e7on d\u2019apprendre sur la vie sous l\u2019eau est non intrusive, n\u00e9cessite moins de main-d\u2019\u0153uvre et co\u00fbte moins cher. L\u2019analyse de l\u2019ADNe n\u2019exige pas de capturer les animaux, ni m\u00eame de les voir. \u00a0<\/p>

C\u2019est bien lorsqu\u2019il faut surveiller des populations et la sant\u00e9 d\u2019esp\u00e8ces qui peuvent \u00eatre difficiles \u00e0 trouver et \u00e0 identifier \u00e0 l\u2019\u0153il nu \u2014 certaines esp\u00e8ces de moules d\u2019eau douce, par exemple, ne sont pas tr\u00e8s diff\u00e9rentes des autres. L\u2019ADNe peut en revanche r\u00e9v\u00e9ler leur diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9tique.<\/p>

Plong\u00e9e en profondeur dans les p\u00eaches d\u2019eau douce du Canada <\/strong><\/h3>

La connaissance de la diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9tique est essentielle \u00e0 la protection des p\u00eaches d\u2019eau douce du monde entier qui sont soumises \u00e0 une pression croissante en raison des changements climatiques, du ruissellement des engrais agricoles, des barrages hydro\u00e9lectriques et de la pollution. La plupart des manchettes sont centr\u00e9es sur les diminutions des poissons d\u2019eau sal\u00e9e embl\u00e9matiques tels que la morue d\u2019Atlantique et le thon rouge, mais les esp\u00e8ces d\u2019eau douce vivent une situation encore plus grave\u00a0: les populations de vert\u00e9br\u00e9s d\u2019eau douce ont diminu\u00e9 de 85\u00a0% depuis les ann\u00e9es\u00a01970.<\/p>

Voil\u00e0 pourquoi Daniel Heath, expert en g\u00e9nomique et en conservation des poissons \u00e0 la University of Windsor, dirige un groupe de chercheurs dans le cadre d\u2019une \u00e9tude de quatre ans sur l\u2019ADNe<\/a> de plus de 1\u2009000\u00a0lacs et rivi\u00e8res du pays. \u00ab\u2009L\u2019abondance des ressources en poissons d\u2019eau douce est vitale pour de nombreuses communaut\u00e9s rurales, nordiques et autochtones, dit-il. Ces ressources sont au c\u0153ur de la vie sociale et culturelle de millions de Canadiens.\u2009\u00bb<\/p>

Comme il existe plus de deux millions de lacs et un nombre incalculable de rivi\u00e8res au Canada, Daniel Heath et son \u00e9quipe croient que l\u2019ADNe pourrait nous aider \u00e0 mieux surveiller et g\u00e9rer nos vastes \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes et p\u00eaches d\u2019eau douce. Avec le soutien d\u2019Ontario Genomics, de Genome Prairie et de G\u00e9nome Canada<\/a>, il s\u2019est associ\u00e9 \u00e0 une douzaine d\u2019universit\u00e9s canadiennes et \u00e0 cinq communaut\u00e9s autochtones pour utiliser les approches g\u00e9nomiques et mettre au point une trousse d\u2019outils pour l\u2019\u00e9tude du poisson fond\u00e9e sur l\u2019ADNe contenu dans des \u00e9chantillons d\u2019eau. \u00a0<\/p>

L\u2019\u00e9quipe cr\u00e9era \u00e9galement une trousse d\u2019outils permettant d\u2019\u00e9valuer la sant\u00e9 des poissons et les facteurs de stress auxquels ils sont soumis, notamment le r\u00e9chauffement des eaux, la pollution, les pr\u00e9dateurs et les esp\u00e8ces envahissantes. L\u2019objectif est d\u2019utiliser les trousses d\u2019outils pour aider \u00e0 g\u00e9rer \u00e0 la fois le poisson sauvage et le poisson d\u2019\u00e9levage.<\/p>

\u00ab\u2009Pour la premi\u00e8re fois, il sera possible de r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 des questions fondamentales, par exemple\u00a0: o\u00f9 se trouvent les poissons d\u2019eau douce importants? Combien y en a-t-il? Comment s\u2019adaptent-ils aux facteurs de stress environnementaux?\u2009\u00bb, explique M.\u00a0Heath.<\/p>

Le pouvoir aux gens<\/strong><\/h3>

Heath se dit particuli\u00e8rement enthousiaste \u00e0 l\u2019id\u00e9e de travailler avec les communaut\u00e9s autochtones, soit la Premi\u00e8re Nation non c\u00e9d\u00e9e des Chippewas de Nawash, pr\u00e8s de Cape Croker, en Ontario; la Premi\u00e8re Nation des Chippewas de Saugeen, pr\u00e8s de Southampton, en Ontario; la Secwepemc Fisheries Commission de la r\u00e9gion de l\u2019int\u00e9rieur m\u00e9ridional de la Colombie-Britannique; la Nation des D\u00e9n\u00e9s Tsay Keh du nord de la Colombie-Britannique et la Premi\u00e8re Nation des Chipewyans d\u2019Athabaska\/Premi\u00e8re Nation crie Mikisew, pr\u00e8s du parc national Wood Buffalo, au nord de l\u2019Alberta.<\/p>

Il esp\u00e8re que ses trousses d\u2019outils pourront donner \u00e0 ces groupes plus de ma\u00eetrise sur leurs propres p\u00eaches. \u00ab\u2009Toutes les communaut\u00e9s peuvent recueillir de l\u2019eau, la filtrer et l\u2019envoyer dans un laboratoire aux fins d\u2019analyse, dit-il. Elles n\u2019ont pas \u00e0 attendre qu\u2019un biologiste du gouvernement analyse leur \u00e9chantillon et r\u00e9ponde \u00e0 leurs \u00e9ventuelles pr\u00e9occupations. \u00bb \u00a0<\/p>

Fait important \u00e0 souligner, le projet de M.\u00a0Heath comprend une analyse \u00e9conomique et sociale pour s\u2019assurer que les trousses d\u2019outils r\u00e9pondent aux besoins d\u2019une communaut\u00e9 donn\u00e9e. En tant que dirigeante scientifique en chef de G\u00e9nome Canada, je peux vous dire que le financement de ce type de recherche peut non seulement aider les gestionnaires des p\u00eaches et de la faune de partout \u00e0 effectuer leur travail plus efficacement, mais aussi donner plus de pouvoir aux peuples autochtones et \u00e0 d\u2019autres groupes.<\/p>

Le programme de science citoyenne Mission ADN-eau pour les \u00e9l\u00e8ves<\/a>, mis en \u0153uvre par G\u00e9nome Qu\u00e9bec, est un autre exemple. Il invite les \u00e9l\u00e8ves qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois du secondaire \u00e0 participer \u00e0 la collecte de donn\u00e9es g\u00e9nomiques pour mieux comprendre l\u2019\u00e9tat de la biodiversit\u00e9 dans les eaux navigables gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 l\u2019ADNe. Ce projet est une bonne occasion d\u2019apprentissage pour les \u00e9l\u00e8ves, mais il n\u2019est pas que \u00e7a. \u00a0<\/p>

On peut aussi citer en exemple le projet de protection de la biodiversit\u00e9 qui suit les impacts environnementaux \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e8re du changement climatique mondial<\/a>. Men\u00e9s par Genome BC et G\u00e9nome Qu\u00e9bec, ces travaux visent \u00e0 normaliser les m\u00e9thodes et l\u2019acc\u00e8s aux ressources d\u2019ADNe afin de soutenir les \u00e9tudes \u00e9cologiques, d\u2019am\u00e9liorer les normes de qualit\u00e9 de l\u2019environnement et de faire du Canada un chef de file international dans ce domaine. \u00a0<\/p>

Les donn\u00e9es seront vers\u00e9es dans une base de donn\u00e9es et mises \u00e0 la disposition de la communaut\u00e9 scientifique et des minist\u00e8res. Autrement dit, il n\u2019est pas n\u00e9cessaire d\u2019\u00eatre un scientifique, ni m\u00eame un adulte, pour utiliser l\u2019ADNe pour am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de l\u2019eau de votre communaut\u00e9.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Shelby Wright, \u00e9tudiante \u00e0 la ma\u00eetrise en sciences \u00e0 la University of Windsor, \u00e9chantillonne l\u2019eau pour conna\u00eetre l\u2019ADNe.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Par la Dre Catalina Lopez-Correa, dirigeante scientifique en chef de G\u00e9nome Canada Daniel Heath, Ph. D., expert en g\u00e9nomique et en conservation des poissons et professeur \u00e0 la University of Windsor, Ontario Parlons sciences\u00a0et la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 royale du Canada se sont associ\u00e9s pour offrir aux lecteurs du Globe and Mail des articles pertinents sur des […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":23386,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[127,149,128],"tags":[],"mission-categories":[162],"class_list":["post-23409","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news-fr","category-featured-fr","category-reussites","mission-categories-climate-change-and-the-environment-fr"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nD\u00e9couvrez comment l\u2019ADNe permet une surveillance non intrusive et efficace de la faune - 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