Le monde \u00e9tant confront\u00e9 \u00e0 la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 du pic p\u00e9trolier, des efforts s\u00e9rieux sont faits pour d\u00e9velopper des sources d\u2019\u00e9nergie renouvelable qui peuvent nous rendre moins d\u00e9pendants des combustibles fossiles. La production biologique (biocarburants), dans laquelle les carburants comme l\u2019\u00e9thanol sont produits \u00e0 partir d\u2019une grande vari\u00e9t\u00e9 de mati\u00e8res premi\u00e8res agricoles, constitue une source de carburant de rechange prometteuse. La production actuelle d\u2019\u00e9thanol comprend la fermentation microbienne de glucides de la canne \u00e0 sucre (au Br\u00e9sil) ou de l\u2019amidon des c\u00e9r\u00e9ales (principalement le ma\u00efs aux \u00c9tats\u00ad-Unis et dans l\u2019Est du Canada, et le bl\u00e9 dans les provinces des Prairies canadiennes) suivie par la distillation de l\u2019\u00e9thanol provenant des bouillons de fermentation. Les perspectives \u00e0 long terme de la production d\u2019\u00e9thanol \u00e0 base de c\u00e9r\u00e9ales sont toutefois douteuses en raison du co\u00fbt des mati\u00e8res premi\u00e8res qui repr\u00e9sentent une importante fraction des co\u00fbts totaux de production\u037e de plus, l\u2019utilisation de c\u00e9r\u00e9ales alimentaires a des r\u00e9percussions tr\u00e8s n\u00e9fastes sur les prix des aliments.<\/p>\n
Il est donc essentiel de trouver d\u2019autres sources de mati\u00e8res premi\u00e8res \u00e0 faible co\u00fbt pour assurer la viabilit\u00e9 commerciale de la production des biocarburants. Les sources de biomasse contenant de la cellulose (lignocellulose) sont des mati\u00e8res premi\u00e8res qui pourraient servir \u00e0 la synth\u00e8se des carburants, et elles sont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des r\u00e9sidus de la foresterie (p. ex. les copeaux de bois) ou de l\u2019agriculture (p. ex. la paille du bl\u00e9, du lin et du chanvre). Les proc\u00e9d\u00e9s qui produisent uniquement de l\u2019\u00e9thanol \u00e0 partir de la lignocellulose ne sont toutefois pas \u00e9conomiques. L\u2019un des moyens de contrer ces limites consiste \u00e0 cosynth\u00e9tiser des produits \u00e0 forte valeur, par exemple la lignine pour les r\u00e9sines et les adh\u00e9sifs, et \u00e0 produire des biocarburants et des plastiques \u00e0 partir de la cellulose. Notre recherche sera ax\u00e9e sur les bact\u00e9ries qui font que la lignocellulose se transforme en \u00e9thanol, en hydrog\u00e8ne et en plastique. Nous voulons accro\u00eetre le potentiel \u00e9conomique des proc\u00e9d\u00e9s de raffinage en mettant au point des cultures bien caract\u00e9ris\u00e9es de bact\u00e9ries qui peuvent provoquer ces r\u00e9actions enzymatiques sp\u00e9cifiques importantes dans l\u2019industrie.<\/p>\n
Il faut pour cela une compr\u00e9hension d\u00e9taill\u00e9e \u00e0 la fois des g\u00e8nes (ou de leur fonction) et du m\u00e9tabolisme des bact\u00e9ries qui utilisent la cellulose pour fabriquer des carburants et d\u2019autres produits. Nous effectuerons une caract\u00e9risation g\u00e9nomique compl\u00e8te de bact\u00e9ries connues et nouvelles, choisies en fonction de leur capacit\u00e9 de participer \u00e0 divers proc\u00e9d\u00e9s m\u00e9taboliques. En nous basant sur les donn\u00e9es obtenues, nous nous servirons du g\u00e9nie m\u00e9tabolique pour produire des bact\u00e9ries aux caract\u00e9ristiques am\u00e9lior\u00e9es de synth\u00e8se du carburant et des coproduits. Nous combinerons des souches bact\u00e9riennes appropri\u00e9es pour cr\u00e9er des communaut\u00e9s (ou \u00ab consortiums \u00bb) de microorganismes qui serviront dans des applications industrielles. Nous voulons permettre aux bioraffineries de fabriquer des produits (\u00e9thanol, hydrog\u00e8ne et coproduits) \u00e0 partir de mati\u00e8res premi\u00e8res de lignocellulose peu co\u00fbteuses, ce qui accro\u00eetra leur viabilit\u00e9 \u00e9conomique. Nous aiderons ainsi le Canada \u00e0 se faire chef de file dans la production des biocarburants et des bioplastiques.<\/p>\n
(En anglais seulement.)<\/p>\n
Integrated GE3<\/sup>LS Research:<\/strong> The social and economic costs of large-scale biofuel production Although environmental biofuel-impact studies generally find a net energy gain and a reduction of greenhouse-gas emissions, it is possible that production of some biofuels could have serious environmental and social consequences. One of the best ways to evaluate this is by analyzing biofuel production so as to take into account all processes throughout its entire life cycle. The first phase of our study will be an analysis using data from southern Manitoba, in which energy input and- output data for each step of the process is defined. This will be the basis for assessing potential environmental impacts at all stages. We will emphasize impact categories such as water quality, water use, climate change and energy balance.<\/p>\n Second, we will determine how changes in the prairie agricultural ecosystem could be affected by growing different kinds of biofuel feed-stock, using southern Manitoba as an example. We will evaluate the production characteristics of several different feed-stocks in order to determine their environmental value. These data will provide the basis for calculating the dollar value of changes due to environmental variables. Third, we will identify patents that have the potential to retard biofuel research. It is often the case that successful research must overcome obstacles that exist due to the difficulty of using methods patented by others. Our aim is to help the biofuel industry identify, and ultimately avoid, impediments to research due to the existence of patents.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Le monde \u00e9tant confront\u00e9 \u00e0 la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 du pic p\u00e9trolier, des efforts s\u00e9rieux sont faits pour d\u00e9velopper des sources d\u2019\u00e9nergie renouvelable qui peuvent nous rendre moins d\u00e9pendants des combustibles fossiles. La production biologique (biocarburants), dans laquelle les carburants comme l\u2019\u00e9thanol sont produits \u00e0 partir d\u2019une grande vari\u00e9t\u00e9 de mati\u00e8res premi\u00e8res agricoles, constitue une source de […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}}},"project-categories":[93],"genome-competitions":[232],"project-sector":[],"genome_centres":[107],"class_list":["post-10539","project","type-project","status-publish","hentry","project-categories-large-scale-science-fr","genome-competitions-concours-projets-de-recherche-en-genomique-appliquee-aux-bioproduits-ou-aux-cultures","genome_centres-genome-prairie-fr"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n
\nGE3<\/sup>LS Project Leader:<\/strong> Stuart Smyth, University of Saskatchewan
\nSummary<\/u>
\nThe use of biological material for fuel production raises some important societal questions. Perhaps the question foremost on the minds of many is the effect on food costs as production of biofuel displaces food in large areas of land. Related to this is the environmental sustainability of biofuels based on the suggestion that the environmental footprint of biofuels may be even larger than that of carbon-based energy. We will approach these questions with the aid of computerbased economic simulations. These will use current agronomic data as the basis for developing models for possible future effects of growing biofuel crops.<\/p>\n