La famille des tournesols (ast\u00e9rac\u00e9es ou compos\u00e9es, famille ainsi nomm\u00e9e parce que les t\u00eates en fleur sont constitu\u00e9es de nombreuses fleurs minuscules), est la plus grande famille de plantes sur Terre : elle compte plus de 24 000 esp\u00e8ces d\u00e9crites, soit environ 10 % de toutes les esp\u00e8ces angiospermes. Ces esp\u00e8ces englobent des cultures importantes sur le plan \u00e9conomique (tournesols, laitue, artichaut), de superbes fleurs sauvages (marguerites), des allerg\u00e8nes courants (herbe \u00e0 poux, verge d\u2019or), des plantes m\u00e9dicinales pr\u00e9cieuses, de m\u00eame que des plantes envahissantes et des mauvaises herbes des parcours naturels (chardons, pissenlits).<\/p>\n
Malgr\u00e9 la grande diversit\u00e9 et l\u2019importance \u00e9conomique des plantes de cette famille, le g\u00e9nome d\u2019aucune de ces esp\u00e8ces ou m\u00eame de plantes appartenant \u00e0 des familles \u00e9troitement apparent\u00e9es n\u2019a \u00e9t\u00e9 s\u00e9quenc\u00e9. Cette lacune a retard\u00e9 la recherche g\u00e9n\u00e9tique et l\u2019am\u00e9lioration des cultures. Malgr\u00e9 le taille assez consid\u00e9rable du g\u00e9nome des ast\u00e9rac\u00e9es, les progr\u00e8s r\u00e9cents de la technologie du s\u00e9quen\u00e7age de l\u2019ADN (appel\u00e9e s\u00e9quen\u00e7age de la \u00ab nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration \u00bb) permettent maintenant de s\u00e9quencer leur g\u00e9nome de mani\u00e8re pratique. Notre \u00e9quipe de projet utilisera ces nouvelles technologies et des m\u00e9thodes de s\u00e9quen\u00e7age traditionnelles pour obtenir la s\u00e9quence d\u2019ADN de tout le g\u00e9nome du tournesol cultiv\u00e9. La s\u00e9quence compl\u00e8te du g\u00e9nome facilitera la recherche scientifique pour toute cette famille diversifi\u00e9e de plantes, et les applications iront de l\u2019am\u00e9lioration des cultures \u00e0 la lutte contre les mauvaises herbes, en passant par la mise au point de vari\u00e9t\u00e9s de tournesols producteurs de mati\u00e8re ligneuse. Par exemple, nous pourrons caract\u00e9riser la variation g\u00e9n\u00e9tique et morphologique dans des souches de tournesols domestiqu\u00e9s, et relier des diff\u00e9rences g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques \u00e0 d\u2019importantes caract\u00e9ristiques des cultures, ce qui facilitera les programmes d\u2019am\u00e9lioration mol\u00e9culaire visant l’am\u00e9lioration des cultures commerciales. Une seconde application vise \u00e0 faire du tournesol une nouvelle source de carburant (biocarburant) qui offrira les avantages exceptionnels d\u2019une plante ligneuse annuelle. La mise au point du biocarburant mettra \u00e0 profit les \u00e9cotypes producteurs de mati\u00e8re ligneuse de deux esp\u00e8ces sauvages qui tol\u00e8rent tr\u00e8s bien la s\u00e9cheresse et qu\u2019on trouve dans les d\u00e9serts : H. argophyllus <\/em>et H. tephrodes<\/em>. Les agriculteurs pourront ainsi faire pousser de petits arbres ligneux (source de biocarburant) en une seule ann\u00e9e, tout en utilisant les graines de tournesol pour en extraire une huile comestible. Ces cultures \u00e0 double fonction offrent un grand potentiel \u00e9conomique.<\/p>\n Notre projet accro\u00eetra la rapidit\u00e9 et la pr\u00e9cision des programmes d’am\u00e9lioration des tournesols par l’identification des marqueurs mol\u00e9culaires de g\u00e8nes b\u00e9n\u00e9fiques qui codent d\u2019importants traits agricoles tels la teneur en huile des graines et le moment de la floraison. Nous mettrons pleinement \u00e0 contribution la solide infrastructure en g\u00e9nomique que poss\u00e8de le Canada et son leadership en g\u00e9nomique des ast\u00e9rac\u00e9es, et utiliserons cette infrastructure et ces comp\u00e9tences sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9es en collaboration avec des experts du monde entier.<\/p>\n (En anglais seulement)<\/p>\n Integrated GE3<\/sup>LS Research:<\/strong> Intellectual Property and Regulatory Issues for Genetically Modified Plants Given these potentially significant economic benefits, the integrated GE3<\/sup>LS project aims to consider the potential legal and regulatory implications of the research. Thus, the GE3<\/sup>LS project will complement this genomic research by investigating the relevant Intellectual Property (IP) issues and regulatory context of the scientific work and its potential applications. The GE3<\/sup>LS project will be led by Emily Marden and Ed Levy, experts on IP and regulatory law in genomics. The primary component of their research will investigate the type of data and IP that will be generated by this project, how the potential for IP will be handled between the University-Industry Liaison Office and cofunders, and whether alternative approaches to IP could forward scientific research or access to the ultimate benefits of the projects. The second arm of the GE3<\/sup>LS research will address ongoing regulatory discussions around genetically modified agriculture and food products, and the specific questions for modified sunflower plants for food and\/or biofuel uses.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" La famille des tournesols (ast\u00e9rac\u00e9es ou compos\u00e9es, famille ainsi nomm\u00e9e parce que les t\u00eates en fleur sont constitu\u00e9es de nombreuses fleurs minuscules), est la plus grande famille de plantes sur Terre : elle compte plus de 24 000 esp\u00e8ces d\u00e9crites, soit environ 10 % de toutes les esp\u00e8ces angiospermes. Ces esp\u00e8ces englobent des cultures importantes […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}}},"project-categories":[93],"genome-competitions":[232],"project-sector":[],"genome_centres":[105],"class_list":["post-2076","project","type-project","status-publish","hentry","project-categories-large-scale-science-fr","genome-competitions-concours-projets-de-recherche-en-genomique-appliquee-aux-bioproduits-ou-aux-cultures","genome_centres-genome-british-columbia-fr"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n
\nGE3<\/sup>LS Project Leader:<\/strong> Emily Marden, University of British Columbia
\nSummary<\/u>
\nThe Genomics of Sunflowers project will sequence the genome of the sunflower, Helianthus annuus, which will facilitate scientific research across this diverse plant family with potential applications ranging from crop improvement to weed control to the development of wood producing sunflower varieties. In addition to the sequencing effort, the project will increase the speed and precision of sunflower breeding programs by identifying molecular markers for beneficial genes underlying important agricultural traits such as seed oil content and flowering time. The project will also develop the genomic tools and resources needed to breed sunflower cultivars with woody stalks \u2013 a development that may lead to the improvement of sunflower oilseed crops and biofuel development.<\/p>\n